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Growth has never been more critical for Europe. The instability caused by US President Trump’s unpredictability has called the transatlantic partnership into question, shifted geopolitical alliances and rattled world markets. All this at a time when Europe is falling behind in the tech race and has an ongoing conflict in its own neighbourhood. The needed boost in economic growth is driven by technological innovation, labour force expansion and efficient resource allocation; but policymakers also need to focus on sustainability. What kind of growth does Europe need? How do the priorities regarding technological advancement, defence and green transition factor in? What should policymakers be focusing on in order to enable this growth? How do they ensure sustainability and avoid environmental degradation?

© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Open Access funding provided by ZBW – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.

DOI: 10.2478/ie-2025-0060

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